Laminated glass stc rating chart. OITC* Frequency (Hz) .

Laminated glass stc rating chart The tested STC ratings were less than the manufacturer's published STC ratings. Glass size and glazing system will affect STC rating. Dec 22, 2022 · Standard walls in most homes are 33 STC, while studio-level soundproofing requires a rating of at least 45. For glazing that is installed within a building interior, the Sound Transmission Class (STC) rating may be a more appropriate measure, as it describes the approximate decibel level reduction for the sound of human speech. Laminated 35 Decibels ©2024 Andersen Corporation. Anything in high 30’s and 40’s “should” meet your goals. Sound Transmission Class Sound Transmission Class (STC) is a single-number rating system that assigns a value to a product to indicate how well that product insulates against unwanted noise How to Calculate the Glass STC - Free download as PDF File (. Be advised, though: laminated glass can add between 30 percent and 50 percent to the cost of the window, making it a fairly impractical solution from a cost perspective. Single-Pane 27 Decibels. Achieve sound control similar to lamination with a single glazed solution, bringing perceived volume down to a whisper Sound Control: Effectively reduces perceived loudness by […] higher STC ratings. When 1• double laminated insula1ing glass (1/4" laminated glass-1/2" air space-114• laminated glass) is used instead, the STC rating increases to 38. All performance data is calculated using LBNL Window 7. May 14, 2021 · Choose glass thickness-laminated glass or single glass (interlayer or no interlayer)-Cavity/Spacer (1mm-30mm)-Gas Filling (Air/Argon/Krypton) laminated glass or single glass (interlayer or no interlayer)-Predict-Value Type (RW/STC/OITC Data)-Results Download to provide conservative estimates of required STC or Rw ratings to be used by the building designer as a planning tool for window glazing. Off the charts! Further Educational Information for You! The higher the STC rating is in number, the better. Data is based on testing ~36" x 84" glass to ASTM E413-87 in an acoustical wall. This means one pane of glass is thicker than the other. 03. glass constructions only. Jan 28, 2025 · This article explores STC ratings, their calculation, and their application in commercial environments. This is why INFINIUM’s Refine and Quantum Double-Glazed wall systems offer the highest STC ratings. *OITC is estimate d base d on this test. Window STC Rating Chart. 030 P. Lower Range Up to STC 35. When planning glass wall systems, here’s a Mar 5, 2021 · Delta IIC is a single-number approximation of an underlayment’s effectiveness based on a control hardwood IIC test. The document provides acoustic performance data tables for insulating glass, triple insulating glass, monolithic glass, and laminated glass constructions. Glass Analytics online tools offer a comprehensive suite of engineering and analytical reports that demonstrate the advantages of high-performance glass in building facades. To determine the specific STC ratings of glass and a This document provides sound transmission class (STC) ratings for various glass and wall constructions. Save as PDF 800 Park Drive , Owatonna , MN 55060 US | (800) 533-2080 Jun 16, 2023 · Laminated Glass: Laminated glass consists of multiple layers of glass with an interlayer, usually made of polyvinyl butyral (PVB). -114• glass) with an STC rating of 34. Door Mar 21, 2024 · Air Pocket Between Glass Panes: The distance between the two panes of glass in double-glazed units affects STC. Increasing glass thickness is the most important measurement. Cardinal's laminated glass offers sound dampening, reducing audio decibel levels in high-noise areas. The STC depends on: Thickness of the glass, Gap in between panes, Low-E coating, Frame type such as vinyl. 22. All model building codes require that the glass used in certain locations, such as doors, sidelites, Aug 7, 2023 · Consider how these types of laminated glass and their respective thicknesses correspond to STC ratings: ¼-inch glass yields an STC rating of about 31; 3/8-inch glass yields an STC rating of about 34; 3/8-inch of standard laminated yields an STC rating of about 36; 1/2-inch of glass yields an STC rating of about 36 Jul 5, 2023 · Thinner glass has a low STC rating because sound travels through it easily. Hermetically sealed IG units paired with laminated glass perform well in ASTM sound transmission ratings. Sound Transmission Class (STC) is a numerical rating used to quantify the sound insulation properties of materials. How to Increase Window STC Rating. If you double the air space, you can generally get about a 3 dB improvement in the transmission loss. The cost, however, may be prohibitive. 3 Safety and Burglary-Resistant Glass Introduction Laminated safety glass is a multifunctional glazing material that can be used in applications ranging from residential to commercial installations. Laminated glass has a better STC rating than unlaminated glass, and double pane installations will provide the highest ratings. Laminated glass provides security for both homes and businesses. The final STC/OITC rating of the window assembly could vary because of the influence of the framing members and the construction of the window assembly. The principle of the test was to send Feb 10, 2014 · An easy way to get a better stc rated window is to add dissimilar glass. Sound Transmission Tested under ASTM E90, laminated outside pane consisted of either 1/8"-0. We also use 0. 0 This guide provides an introductory overview of glass concepts and terminology, plus Glass Seal: Zipper Style Gasketing: STC Rating: 55: Max Fire Rating: N/A: 5592278. Laminated glass increases the STC rating of a window and diminishes unwanted outside noises. Sound Transmission Class ratings. Please note that any glass wall system will only test in accordance with the STC rating of the glass. The table below displays the average window STC rating chart as well as some range of noise levels that are audible at that rating: For simplification, we have segmented NanaWall sound-rated opening glass wall solutions into three categories. . Frame Profile: Low. By comparison, a ¼” laminated glass has an STC rating of ~34 dB. High Range STC 43 - 45. Read more about the tools below Sep 21, 2018 · When looking at STC ratings for windows and doors be aware that the glass manufacturers publish values for the glass they produce. A Mon-Ray high performance storm with 3/16" or 1/4" laminated glass over a single pane window with single or double strength glass will have a combined STC of 40 to 43. Estimated. 250 inch thick laminated glass. This patented, tri-layer system targets sounds in the 1000–4000 Hz range (an area sensitive in human hearing) for superior sound damping in laminated safety glass. Glass Type and Typical STC Value. , Saflex Acoustic PVB). The laminated glass interlayer should be of a thickness and type designed for optimum acoustic performance (e. A SPW using 1/4" laminated glass A SPW using 5/8" laminated glass All tests were performed by Western Electro-Acoustic Laboratory (WEAL), a fully accredited Jan 28, 2024 · The average STC rating for a regular single pane window is 27. Frame Construction: 18 Gauge Cold Rolled Steel. 5lgM+13 R:Monolithic glass STC M:Glass STC is Sound Transmission Class which is a single number rating derived from individual transmittance losses at specified test frequencies. It is manufactured by permanently bonding two or more lites of glass with layers of polyvinyl butyral (PVB) interlayer, under heat and pressure, to create a single construction. 3. Always specify the minimum required STC for laminated glass rather than simply specifying “laminated glass” of a specific thickness. Consult Hushes sound by up to 39db, bringing perceived volume down to a whisper. Dual pane glass is never a good noise reducon glass conguraon. STC . At this time, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM; Now ASTM International), was developing a rating called Sound Transmission Class (STC). The STC and ISO RW values indicate the acoustical performance ratings, with higher numbers indicating better sound 1/4” (6mm) monolithic glass has an STC rating of 31 1/8” x . The desire for more natural light in buildings is driving a trend towards larger energy-efficient windows, and national and municipal level regulations require the use of safety glass in an increasing number of architectural applications, for which laminated glass is one of the most effective solutions. Laminated glass is like the windshield of your car. Glass Impact Safety Rating: ANSI Z97. 24 Page 1 of 7 performance of the window frame, the fi nal STC rating of the window assembly could have no infl uence to a 3-point drop in STC ratings from the base glass STC rating. The laminated glass units are constructed STC Example : ¼” Monolithic glass has an STC of ~31dB. Provide more privacy and a quieter environment with SDAC, bumping up the STC rating on a budget. This “give” in laminated glass is particularly effective in cutting down sound transmission in the frequency range of Some STC ratings of common window assemblies are listed below. 800-782-5742 Talk to an expert! May 4, 2019 · The order of sound insulation performance from poor to excellent is: monolithic glass < laminated glass <double insulated glass < triple insulating glass< laminated insulated glass. The higher the STC rating, the better the material Product Features. It’s actually 2 pieces of glass with a piece of plastic in the middle. OITC* Frequency (Hz) Laminated Glass Construction. For this reason, STC (Sound Transmission Class) ratings have become a primary consideration when choosing doors for large-scale projects. Glass Thickness: 1/4" Glass STC Rating: 35. Noise is one of the single most common complaints at hotels, condos, and other commercial properties. Download. The four-point increase in STC rating is the resuH of dampilg provided by the PVB intedayer used in the laminated glass. Data is based on testing ~36″ x 84″ glass to ASTM E413-87 in an acoustical wall. Feb 29, 2020 · It looks like Marvin is a storm window to get there numbers that high. 1 Class A and CPSC 16CFR 1201 (CAT I and II) laminated glass that is NOT dual pane. V Laminated glass provides higher mechanical resistance and security benefits. Our laminated glass sets the standard in eco-conscious design, featuring EVA, or ethylene-vinyl acetate, interlayer produced through an environmentally friendly process. STC is used to measure the sound transmission loss of interior walls, ceilings and floors. -1/8" (total 3/8" thick), 1/4"-0. OITC* Frequency (Hz) 100 125 160 200 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000. B. To achieve even higher STC Ratings, window manufacturers may offer the addition of laminated glass, dissimilar glass and other sound dampening components to their window design. When using insulating glass units, there are several options available, including increasing glass thickness; increasing the air space; evaluating different gas fills, spacers and sealant materials; and using different glass thicknesses for individual glass lites or a laminated component for one or both of the lites. See Section 3 for actual TLdata. Learn more. -1/8" (total 1/4" thick), 1/4"-0. The two product graph lines follow each other closely but the ordinary laminated glass dips significantly, close to 10dB. 7 mm) 1/2 Laminated glass is a proven, effective solution for acoustical protection. E413-87 in an acoustica l wall. Fire Rating . Double glazed windows are a bit superior for blocking sound, with an average rating of 29. The higher the STC number, the better the glass keeps out unwanted noise. 1/4" laminated glass & wood stops . STCratings have been determined from TL data using ASTME413. Description. Glass inserted into a wood or steel panel door will vary based on how it is sealed into the frame and the rating of the door initially. A higher STC rating indicates a greater sound dampening effect. As discussed in Section 2, STC ratings and the Rw for most glass configurations are equal. majority of architectural glass sizes. Discusses the acoustical properties of glass, methods of rating, such as STC and OITC, applicable standards and the relationship between glass and other glazing components in determining an overall rating. *OITC is estimated based on this test. One or both of the windows in the opening will have the special 0. STC Ratings Chart Acoustical Performance of Glass and Wall Constructions Overall Thickness Inside Construction Laminated- sulating Glass 2 4-3/4" (120. Refer to Table 2 for representative STC ratings. Glass Appearance: Clear. Mid Range STC 36 - 42. Strong enough to withstand repeated blows from hammers, bricks and other objects, laminated products deter forced entry and provide greater peace of mind. The STC ratings are for glass only in a fullview glass panel. TD-136 - Recycled Glass Use An explanation of Vitro Glass's use of recycled glass. To determine the specifi c STC ratings of glass and a window or door assembly, the following ASTM standards should be used: • ASTM E 90 - 90 Standard Test Method for 13/16" overall - 1/2" glass, . 7 mm) 1/2" laminate 4", Air 1/4" laminate 51 51 STC Ratings Chart. This ‘dip’ means more noise is let through at these frequencies OA Glass 1 Glass 2 Acoustical Ratings - Ultra I C650 updated 04. 3 software and represents center of glass performance data. pdf), Text File (. This was with there standard glass package (no laminated glass) and an exterior storm with 3/16ths non laminated glass. Meets ANSI Z97. Laminated and double-glazed glass both hold STC ratings of 40, but anything higher typically calls for a combination of the two. The STC (Sound Transmission Class) rating is a single-number rating system for interior building partitions and viewing windows used to categorize acoustic performance. Compared to single-pane windows BLUE - single door 1/4" Laminated Glass Sliding Glass Door (SGD250) BLUE - 5/8" + 1/4" Laminated Glass Sliding Glass Door (SGD650 + SGD250) BLACK - single door 5/8" Laminated Glass Sliding Glass Door (SGD650) RED - single door 3/8" Laminated Glass Sliding Glass Door (SGD400) STC 65 STC 64 STC 41 STC 37 STC 35 STC 65 Sliding Glass Doors 9 5 days ago · If meeting an architectural specification that requires, for example, an STC 35 instead of the STC 34 you might meet with dissimilar glass, laminated glass may be necessary. If your target STC rating is 39, then you will likely need to increase the air space to 2". 11F P. V. Laminated & Double-Glazed Glass. The higher the STC rating, the better the soundproofing. The first records of measurements for the acoustic evaluation of laminated glass date back to 1968. It lists the construction details and thickness of single laminated glass, laminated insulating glass, airspaced glass, monolithic glass, and various wall constructions. Monolithic glass Formula: R=13. 3mm thick monolithic glass, glass STC is only 30Dbs,when glass thickness was increased to 12mm thick,glass STC can reach 36Dbs,whether it’s single piece monolithic glass,laminated glass,or insulated glass,the thicker total glass thickness,the better sound transmission loss. STC. Pim Foam or Dura**** 3/32 3/32 - 28 23 4/19/99 TL99-145 Operating Style Series Numbers Glass 1 Glass 2 Spacer STC File Name For instance, a double hung window made with 1/4" annealed glass and a 1/2" air space may have an STC rating of 33. Costing more than other materials, this is used mainly for exterior applications. with a lot of glass which must achieve a specific STC rating. UPDATED; TD-138 - Heat Treated Glass for Architectural Technical Glass Guide Update 6/15/21 – Version 3. For extreme noise conditions like airports, Quiet Line can be enhanced with laminated glass and heavier glazing. Glass thickness. Double-Pane (insulating) 28 Decibels. Including an Argon or Krypton gas fill in the air space does not make a measurable difference to the STC rating. The performance data below applies to an insulating unit constructed with two plies of glass and an air or argon filled space. Acoustic glass typically has an STC rating of 35-40, compared to standard glass which usually has an STC rating of 27-30. This is different from the rating of that same glass once included into a window frame. Oldcastle STC Data (1) The data here is based on samples tested at Riverbank Acoustical Laboratories in accordance with ASTM E90- 97, ASTM E413-87 and ASTM E1332-90 and are not guaranteed for all samples or applications. A mid-30s score might seem low, but it’s suitable for office spaces lacking all-glass construction. The STC rating three different glass configurations. Combining different glass thicknesses with laminated glass adds even more sound control. Typical dual glazed windows can achieve better ratings of 25-27. Our STC ratings are for reference only for common wall/door characteristics. If thicker glass material is used, the rating can go up to 35. There are different ways to improve the STC rating of windows. 1, Class A; and CPSC 16 CFR 1201 Category II. The answer to a noise concern is not less glass, but the use of innovative laminated safety glass made with Saflex™ Acoustic PVB interlayer. Estimated Glazing Type STC ¼” Tempered Safety Glass 31 ½” Tempered Safety Glass 36 ¼” Laminated Safety Glass 35 ½” Laminated Safety Glass 38 1” Insulated (¼” Lite, ½” air space, ¼” lite) 35 Source: Monsanto Acoustical Glazing Design Guide, 3rd Edition Fire Rating: None. Laminated glass fabricated with PVB and SGP will meet safety glazing requirements and will remain in the opening if breakage should occur. Graph 1 shows the sound transmission loss of glass across a low to high frequency range, comparing ordinary laminated and Acousta™ laminated glass. • Laminated glass can be drilled, cut and otherwise modified in the shop or field, increasing fabrication Laminated Glass encompasses two pieces of glass that are permanently bonded together with an interlayer type including polyvinyl butyral (PVB), Sentry Glass (SGP), and ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). 060" PVB, 1/4" glass Laminated Glass Construction STC OITC 100 125 160 00 2 250 315 400 500 630 800 1000 1250 1600 2000 2500 3150 4000 5000 Frequency (Hz) Sound Transmission Loss (dB) LAMINATED ACOUSTICAL DATA The performance data below applies to laminated glass units. 030" P. 24 Page 1 of 7 Glass 3 Spacer STC OITC Test Date Test Number Operating Style Series Numbers the interlayer of laminated glass. Milgard’s Quiet Line window, with three layers of glass, achieves some of the best STC ratings available. Glass Type: Clear Laminated Glass. Commonly called acoustic laminated insulated glass, the windows provide an STC of 39 to 54 or greater. Its composition helps to reduce sound vibrations, improves STC ratings, and often is used in durable products, like windshields. Laminated- Insulating Glass 2 4-3/4" (120. 70 60 --STC38 Mar 7, 2025 · Explore the STC rating chart for walls, glass, windows, doors, and materials. 2 L aminated Glass is a multifunctional glazing material that can be used in a variety of applications. STC 38 - 3/8" laminated glass with a . Refers to a window manufactured by Soundproof Windows, Inc. Mar 3, 2023 · Your STC rating is the result of your calculation. txt) or read online for free. Here we introduce a simple formula to calculate the glass STC-sound transmission class. Laminated Glass. Sound Control Sell Laminated Glass Laminating glass is a popular way to increase an STC rating. The STC (Sound Transmission Class) rating is a single-number rating system for interior building partitions and viewing May 22, 2022 · Standard glass doors can have an STC between 28 and 35, laminated between 35 and 40, and soundproof glass from 48 to 55 or higher. See additional notes below data for specific Laminated glass is two or more layers of glass permanently adhered to one another with one or more polymer interlayers in a thermoset, high-heat process. Jun 21, 2019 · Windows with dissimilar glass typically have an STC rating around 34 which is similar to the STC rating of standard exterior walls. Securing a higher STC rating than this is possible but impractical because it is more expensive and sound can enter through lower-performing parts of the home such as the exterior walls. laminated glass 5/2011 S. The final STC/OITC rating of the window assembly will typically be reduced from the base glass acoustical rating. Laminated panes’ STC ratings typically provide and STC rating reaching high 30s depending on the thickness of the glass and adhesive. Oct 16, 2023 · LAM LAM acoustical ratings not available for this glass combination vertical slider 6210 6211 6230 6230J 6270 net 47" x 59" STC 28-33-->--> X 32 29 04/11/23 TL23-161 acoustical ratings not available for this glass combination TL23-110 X--> X 30 28 04/26/23--> X 33 28 12/12/22 TL22-247 TL22-246 acoustical ratings not available for this glass laminated glass n n 5/2011 S. A wider gap provides better sound insulation by minimizing direct sound transmission. A detailed discussion of the methodologies and supporting analytical rationale are provided in Section 4. The higher the STC rating, the more sound will be dampened. We use laminated glass that is custom made for Soundproof Windows that is 0. The goal is to create such a high-performance product that an assembly’s STC rating is the same as that of a solid glazed wall. It includes the Sound Transmission Class (STC) rating and Outside-Inside Transmission Class (OITC) rating, as well as sound transmission loss data across a range of frequencies, for various glass makeups and thicknesses. 24 Page 1 of 2 Due to continual product research and development, details listed are subject to change at any time the sound transmission class rating (STC) to describe the sound isolation performance of materials. Understanding STC Double-glazed glass can also achieve an STC rating of up to 40. STC Rating FINO 3/8" Tempered Glass & 1/2" Laminated Glass 43-46 MIMO 3/8" Tempered Glass & 1/2" Laminated Glass 43-46 Glazed Assemblies STC Ratings The opening of an assembly is the weakest point for sound transmission. 650 inch laminated glass. VT's Sound-Resistant STC Doors. A common way to accomplish this is to use laminated glass. Glass 3 Spacer STC OITC Test Date Test Number Operating Style Series Numbers Tested Size OA Glass 1 Glass 2 Acoustical Ratings - Trinsic I V300 updated 04. VT Door Types . Frame Fasteners #8 x 1" Flathead Phillips SMS – Included. Two common acoustical rating systems are: Sound Transmission Class Rating (STC) – applicable to interior building partitions and viewing windows where the sound source is human speech and/or office equipment. Impact Safety rated. Outdoor-Indoor Transmission Class (OITC) – applicable to exterior walls (including doors and windows) where the RAL TL 85 and TL 95 sound transmission loss tests are in accordance with ASTM E90. The insulating glass units are constructed with two plies of glass and an airspace. SBG 1/2" Clear Annealed Laminated Glass Data However, it is important to note that different glass options and the use of combination units may affect the sound abatement performance of the unit. The change in the IIC rating between the control assembly, usually hardwood on 8″ concrete slab, and the same control assembly with the underlayment installed, is the Delta IIC Rating for the flooring underlayment. What Are STC Ratings and Why Do They Matter? Definition of STC Ratings. Tested under ASTM E90, laminated outside pane consisted of either 1/8"-0. Laminated glass provides higher mechanical resistance and security benefits. Types of Acoustic Glass Laminated Acoustic Glass May 22, 2022 · The best sound reducing windows have dissimilar laminated plates with a wider air gap between the glazing. The STC (Sound Transmission Class) rating is a single-num ber rating system for interio r build ing partitions and viewin g windows used to catego rize acoustic performanc e. 1. Dual Glazed Fixed Window - STC 55. Learn why STC ratings matter for soundproofing. Laminated glass can have STC ratings of 40 or more. 17. Additional advantages of laminated glass include: Figure 1: shattered laminated glass • In thicker, multi-layer forms, laminated glass can be blast and bullet resistant. This STC rating does not apply to the installed storm door unit. For example, laminated glass has a rating of around 35, but it can go up as far as to 41 if you use thicker layers of glass and PVB. 650 inches thick. The performance data below applies to laminated glass units constructed with two plies of glass and an interlayer. It is used for exterior and interior walls, ceilings and floors and in the past was also used for preliminary comparison of the performance of various glazing materials. g. Laminated Glass Applications Jun 6, 2024 · Sound Transmission Class (STC) ratings are used to measure the effectiveness of acoustic glass in blocking sound. Laminated glass can increase an STC rating when cost and thermal insulation aren’t concerns. Glass size and glazing system will affect STC rating. STC This table compares Vitro Architectural Glass product performance data when assembled in a one-inch (25 mm) insulating glass unit with a ½-inch (13 mm) air space and two ¼-inch (6 mm) lites. When combined with a hermetically-sealed IG unit, the acoustical benefits to your windows Jan 18, 2022 · STC Ratings Updated : 01/18/2022 by K. Laminated Glass Laminating glass is a popular way to increase an STC rating. See in this video how laminated glass is made: A leader in tools for the glass industry. STC Capability Chart. Laminated glass is particularly effective for interior partitions because air pressure changes from sound bow or bend laminated glass more easily than single glass of the same thickness. Laminated glass increases the sound insulation by decoupling the glass panes and damping the vibrations generated by the sound waves. Complies with IBC requirements for use in doors. Laminated glass consists of two or more layers of glass that are permanently bonded together with one or more polymer interlayers using heat and pressure. When we did airport programs. Variations could affect the STC rating of the opening. One of the features of glass is sound proof,whether it’s single glazing, laminated glass,insulated glass or even laminated insulated,the glass can reduce the sounds transferrd from outdoor to indoor. STC: OITC: Rw: 1/4″ Structural Charts. Using Marvin’s I believe the STC rating was around 38. May 3, 2020 · Factors that affect glass STC. 060 P. Muraflex (FINO) STC Values and Configurations; Single tempered glass panel configurations; - 3/8” Tempered Glass panel STC 36 - 1/2” Tempered Glass panel STC 38 Single laminated glass panel configurations; - 3/8" laminated glass with a . May 6, 2020 · As a result it is not recommended for glass selection of exterior wall applications since the single-number rating was achieved under a specific set of laboratory conditions. Guardian Glass has developed easy-to-use, advanced software for glass and glazing system analysis. STC 39 - 1/2" laminated glass with a . E413-87 in an ac oust ical wall. There are variances to consider for each construction project as STC ratings will be different in onsite conditions as opposed to the general rating guidelines. 030 x 1/8” laminated has an STC rating of 34 1” insulated glass ¼” x ½” AS x ¼” has an STC rating of 35 Structural Performance The strength of laminated glass is determined by the glass thickness, type of vinyl, glass size, and the nature of loading. -1/2" (total 3/4" thick), panels caulked in place in single frame with wooden stops and glazing putty. Created Date: 8/13/2012 8:52:06 AM Glass 3 Spacer STC OITC Test Date Number Operating Style Series Numbers Tested Size OA Glass 1 Glass 2 Acoustical Ratings - Tuscany I V400 updated 09. Glass siz e and glazing system will a˜ect STC rating. STC RATINGS EXPLAINED. Glass laminati on encompasses adhering two panes of glass together with a special adhesive that adds strength and blocks soundwaves. -1/4" (total 1/2" thick), 1/4"-0. tlalao gyi dmd kyzniaq lieeumb nopeig vjwbnxb ead vxcw rshb pdttilsr kfxu msnzj kqwjdc bhjpq